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A torque converter is a fluid coupling that is used to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common kind of torque converter used in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling unit. In the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs for always changeable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is one kind which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that is incapable of multiplying torque. A torque converter has an extra element which is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics all through times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating parts inside a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever situation and this is where the word stator starts from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been adjustments that have been incorporated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is required, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these modifications have taken the form of various stators and turbines. Every set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some examples comprise the Dynaflow which utilizes a five element converter so as to generate the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Various auto converters comprise a lock-up clutch to reduce heat and in order to improve the cruising power and transmission efficiency, even though it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.
